Who Invented Bathtubs, Toilets, Showers, and Fountains

Plumbing comes from the Latin word for lead, which is plumbum. Plumbing by definition is a utility that we use in our buildings consisting of the pipes and fixtures for the distribution of water or gas and for the disposal of sewage. The word sewer comes from the French word essouier, meaning to drain. But how did plumbing systems come together? Surely it didnt happen at once, right? Of course not. Lets go over the main fixtures of modern-day plumbing systems. These include  toilets, bathtubs and showers and  water fountains. Let There Be Water Fountains The modern drinking fountain was invented and then manufactured in the early 1900s by two men and the respective company each man founded.  Halsey Willard Taylor  and the Halsey Taylor Company along with Luther Haws and the Haws Sanitary Drinking Faucet Co were the two companies that changed how water was served in public places. Taylors interest in developing a fountain for drinking water began when his father died of typhoid fever caused by contaminated public drinking water. His fathers death was traumatic and motivated him to invent a water fountain to provide safer drinking water. Meanwhile, Haws was a part-time plumber, sheet metal contractor and the sanitary inspector for the city of Berkeley in California. While inspecting a public school, Haws saw children drinking water out of a common tin cup that was tied to the faucet. Because of this, he feared that there was a health hazard in the making because of the way the public was sharing their water supply. Haws invented the first faucet designed for drinking. He used spare plumbing parts, such as taking the ball from a brass bedstead and a self-closing rabbit ear valve. The Berkeley school department installed the first model drinking faucets. Toilets Were Seats Meant for Kings A toilet is a plumbing fixture used for defecation and urination. Modern toilets consist of a bowl fitted with a hinged seat thats connected to a waste pipe where waste is flushed. Toilets are also called privy, latrine, water closet, or lavatory. Contrary to urban legend,  Sir Thomas Crapper  did not invent the toilet. Heres a brief timeline of toilets:   King Minos of Crete had the first flushing water closet recorded in history and that was over 2,800 years ago.A toilet was discovered in the tomb of a Chinese king of the  Western Han Dynasty  that dates back to somewhere between  206 BC to 24 AD.The ancient Romans had a system of sewers. They built simple outhouses or latrines directly over the running waters of the sewers that poured into the Tiber River.Chamber pots were used during the middle ages. A chamber pot is a special metal or ceramic bowl that you used and then tossed the contents out (often out the window).In 1596, a flush toilet was invented and built for Queen Elizabeth I by her godson,  Sir John Harrington.The  first patent  for the  flushing toilet  was issued to Alexander Cummings in 1775.During the 1800s, people would come to realize that poor sanitary conditions caused diseases. Thus having toilets and sewer systems that could control human waste became a priority to lawmakers, medical experts, inv entors as well as the general public.In 1829, the Tremont Hotel of Boston became the first hotel to have indoor plumbing with eight water closets built by Isaiah Rogers. Until 1840, indoor plumbing could be found only in the homes of the rich and the better hotels.Beginning in 1910, toilet designs started moving away from the elevated water tank system and more toward a modern toilet with a closed tank and bowl setup. Toilet Paper and Brushes The first packaged toilet paper was invented in 1857 by an American named Joseph Gayetty. It was called Gayettys Medicated Paper. In 1880, the British Perforated Paper Company created a paper product to be used for wiping after using the toilet that came in boxes of small pre-cut squares. In 1879, the Scott Paper Company began selling the first toilet paper on a roll, though roll toilet paper did not become common until 1907. In 1942, St. Andrews Paper Mill in Great Britain introduced the first two-ply toilet paper. In the 1930s, the Addis Brush Company created the first artificial  Christmas  brush trees, using the same machinery for making their toilet brushes.  In general, the type of material used to make a brush and its design was dictated by its intended use. The hair of animals such as horses, oxen, squirrels, and badgers was used in household and toilet-brushes. Various types of plant fibers have also been used, such as the piassava obtained from a Brazilian palm and palmyra bassine derived from the palmyra palm of Africa and Sri Lanka. Brush bristles were joined to handles and backs of wood, plastic or metal. Many household and toilet-brushes were produced by inserting tufts of fibers into holes drilled in brush backs. One of the earliest and most elaborate of showers was the English Regency Shower developed around 1810.

Disputes in the Legal System Essay - 853 Words

Disputes in the Legal System Businesses are formed to make money. In the pursuit of making money, businesses deal with consumers and customers and other businesses. In all things in life when you have more than one individual or entity there will be some form of dispute that will arises in the course of time. This paper will focus on purchasing agents and insurance claim agents on why they avoid conflicts in the courts. It will also address how purchasing agents and insurance claim agents access disputes, how they handle disputes and what their objectives are in avoiding such disputes. In all businesses one has to look at the bottom line. How does the business make money in the most productive manner? The usual way is that the†¦show more content†¦Discussion will only be focused around purchasing agents and insurance claim agents. Purchasing agents access their disputes in three ways. Customer satisfaction, business relationships and longevity of said relationships. All businesses want to produc e a product that fits the needs of the consumer, which enables the company to make money. If the purchasing agent is not happy with the product then more likely the case the purchasing agent will find another supplier. Stewart Macaulay states, Both business units involved in the exchange desire to continue successfully in business and will avoid conduct which might interfere with attaining this goal. He goes on to say, People in a sales department oppose contract. Contractual negotiations are just one more hurdle in the way of a sale. Holding customers to the letter of a contact is bad for customer relations. Suing a customer who is not bankrupt and might order again is poor strategy. It all boils down to this, if the customer is happy with his purchase then that customer will use that company again which means that the business will make money. The only time a purchase agent will file a legal complaint is if the customer is going out of business or is going bankrupt. The in surance claim agent access disputes in a different manner. To the insurance claim agent it depends on the size of the claim and the individual. Lawrence H. Ross explains, In small claims, aShow MoreRelatedLdcs’ Benefits And Wto Dsu . Trade Liberalization Has Been1714 Words   |  7 Pagesinternational trades. Increasing of trade laws in dispute settlement as trade-related intellectual rights, countervailing measure, national treatment, anti-dumping and safeguard measure are evidences of their hard works. These rules are enforced through the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding mechanism (DSU). Strong voice DSU has provide to less-developing countries encouragement to participate in order defend and pose their interests in international law system. Rather than controlled by the bias decisionsRead MoreEmerging Trends Of Lok- Adalat Essay1661 Words   |  7 Pagesconcept of Lok- Adalat is the ancient concept of settlement of dispute through Mediation, Negotiation or through other arbitral process popularly known as decision of ‘Nyay- Panch’ or ‘People’s Court’. Keywords Lok- Adalat (people’s court), Arbitration ,Conciliation, Dispute resolution, Legal aid. 1. Introduction The institution of Lok Adalat in India , as the very name suggest, means, People’s Court. The concept has been gathered from system of panchayat which has roots in the history and culture ofRead MoreLitigation704 Words   |  3 Pagesthe reader will be able to identify the legal disputes presented in the Litigation an Alternative Video. 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During the interviewRead MoreThe Legal System and Adr Analysis706 Words   |  3 PagesThe Legal System and ADR Analysis Debra Doe-Gonzalez LAW 531 October 6, 2014 David Weischadle, II The Legal System and ADR Analysis The two major court systems in the United States are the federal and state court systems. They are each set up review different types of lawsuits (Cheeseman, 2013). This memo will review the levels of the state court system as well as the various methods of alternative dispute resolution. The case of AMF Incorporated v. Brunswick Corp will be reviewed inRead MoreLaw Is A System Of Rules Designed By A Society979 Words   |  4 PagesLaw is a system of rules designed by a society to restrain unwanted behavior and maintains order. Law helps decide wrong and right in a society, gives voice to the weak and discourages the might-is-right philosophy. Nearly every state in this world has designed laws that help govern its people. The first set of written laws called ‘The Code of Ur-Nammu’ were designed during 2100-2050 BC. These laws, stated by the Neo-Sumerian King of a Mesopotamian city, proved to be pioneer in the formation of legalRead MoreLitigation vs. ADR1100 Words   |  4 PagesLitigation v. ADR There are many legal systems and measures that are available to people when they run into problems. These alternatives generally accelerate the resolution of disputes without the need for initiating or continuing the formal and costly process of litigation. These alternatives are generally referred to as that of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) (Sherman, 2012). Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) comprises the resolution of a matter by a method other than traditional litigation

Social Traps and Attitudes Essay Example For Students

Social Traps and Attitudes Essay It is certainly hard to pick a particular attitude because I think that we all feel a little of each at different times. My Modern Environmentalist outlook is based on my Tech-Fix and Gloom-And-Doom attitudes. I think if we use science for the right reasons; such as finding natural energy sources (other than oil), or learning more about our earths past in astronomy or ecology studies. Although our atmosphere is heavily polluted we have come a long way since the 1970s as far as smoke filters, outlawing garbage and chemical smoke-stacks, and increasing the recycling of paper, plastic, and glass. Unfortunately I am a little pessimistic about our earths future because of the mass outbreak of recent warfare. I dont think our earth can handle the new wave of nuclear bombs (whether it be for testing of bombing). I dont know if it will happen in my lifetime, but as fast as science can start to clean and help our ecosystem, science can also destroy it. This seems to be earths inevitable fate as our home. I hate to be so depressing but Rosy-Optimism just seems too easy. It may have worked if everyone started that way. But it may be too late to keep ignoring our environmental problems. The frontier Attitude is my least favorite attitude, even though like many of us I use too much paper, forget to recycle, leave the water running while Im brushing my teeth. All of the simple things that some of us take for granted fall into the frontier attitude towards the environment. Some entrepreneurs also use the frontier attitude as they are more concerned about their profits than pollution the harm they are doing.

Conceptual Framework Standards System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Conceptual Framework Standards System. Answer: Introduction The general purpose financial statements are developed by a business entity in order to provide information to end-users about its financial position. The IASB has developed and provided the standard guidelines for all business entities for developing the financial statements through the development of conceptual accounting framework. The conceptual accounting framework has stated the qualitative characteristics of relevance, reliable ad comparable to be adopted by businesses for financial reporting. This is done for improving the quality of financial reporting in order to meet the needs of end-users such as potential investors and creditors. The AASB (Australian Accounting Standards Board), in this context, holds the responsibility of ensuring the compliance of international accepted accounting standards and conceptual accounting framework principles by the Australian business entities (CCH Australia Limited, 2009). The present report has demonstrated the need of complying with conc eptual framework principles and AASB standards by demonstrating an example of Australian accompany who has failed due to its unethical and fraudulent accounting activities. The company selected for the purpose is 7-Eleven and its financial reports are evaluated for assessing the arsons if its failure. Analysis of Reason of Failure of 7-Eleven with Respect to its Accounts The 7-Eleven is a recognized Australian retail company that is widely known for operating chain of convenience stores across the country. The company is a franchise of US based 7-Elevne Inc and is involved in providing diverse products such as drinks, confectionary, gift card and others (7 -Eleven: Annual Report, 2015). The company has however being alleged of conducting corrupt and fraudulent activities in relation to its remuneration and financial reports. The screenshot of the remuneration report of the company as extracted from its annual report as follows: The remuneration report aims to provide information in relation to the accounting policies adopted for deciding over the matters of compensation provided to its directors and employees. The remuneration report of 7-Eleven has stated its effective compliance with the Corporations Act 2001 and AASB standards for developing and maintaining its remuneration policy. The remuneration report of the company has also stated the remuneration of its executive and non-executive directors is dependent on the operating profit of the company. This remuneration policy of the board has introduced an organizational culture within the company of driving the profitability by directors; in order to increase their compensation and as such promoting the occurrence of corrupt financial practices (7 -Eleven: Annual Report, 2015). The remuneration policy developed by the Board ensures that fair compensation is provided to all of its employees and has disclosed the information of employee benefits and expenses in its remuneration report. However, the company has faced allegations regarding the occurrence of unethical employee wage policies and practices. The company has been accused of forcing the employees to work till long hours and also providing them half pay. The management was accused of threatening the employees to work till extended hours by saying that they would be expelled of they complained to the parent company about their salary issue. The identification of the wage scandal in the company has resulted in paying heavy penalties for compensating the exploited workers and also negatively impacted the brand image of its parent company. This wage scandal has caused the parent company of 7-Elevne to adopt strict compensation policies and procedures for its Australia franchises as per the Fair Work Ombud sman (Ferguson, 2016). The company in its annual report has claimed of complying with AASB standards and Companies Act for valuing its inventories. However, the analysis of the directors report of the company has inferred that it has not defined the accounting policies adopted for measuring the inventories cost and recording the inventory losses. Thus, it can be stated that it does not comply with AASB standards for valuing its inventories (CCH Australia Limited, 2009). The screenshot of the inventories account maintained by the company as extracted from its directors report is depicted as follows: Accounts Receivables As analyzed from the accounts receivables financial position of the company, it has not developed proper provisions for recording bad debts. The estimated account of cash inflows from the accounts receivables is done on the basis of past events and this is not valued properly as per the AASB standards by not taking into account the current information about its receivables (Compiled Accounting Standard AASB 108, 2014). The company also possesses contingent liabilities as evident from its annual report analysis. The financial leases are valued at the fair value of the leased assets. The company however has disclosed all the pertinent information about the financial figures in relation to it total assets and liabilities in accordance with conceptual accounting framework. Also, the company does not have any contingent liabilities as evident from its directors report analysis (7 -Eleven: Annual Report, 2015). The principle of prudence was removed earlier from the conceptual framework of accounting as it was found to be in contradiction with accrual accounting concept. The concept states that businesses should maintain a provision of recording the financial transactions that have not year actually realized for developing hidden reserves to be used at contingent situations. However, the prudence concept is gain included in the conceptual framework due to increase in number of corrupt practices by business corporations by manipulating the accounts for their personal benefits as evident form 7-Eleven wage scandal. The inclusion of prudence ensures that business entities will record the financial transactions that have been occurred in reality with no overstatement of profits and understatement of expenses. This is required for protecting the investors interest and maintaining transparency in business operations (Hoffman, 2016). Conclusion As analyzed from 7-Elevnet accounting practices, the company has not adequately complied with AASB and conceptual accounting framework principles. The company needs to comply with all the principle of conceptual framework and include prudence at the time of financial reporting for ensuring its sustainable growth and development. References 7-Eleven: Annual Report. 2015. [Online]. Available at:https://www.7eleven.com.my/pdf/ar-2015.pdf[Accessed on: 6 April 2014]. Compiled Accounting Standard AASB 108. 2014. [Online]. Available at:https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB108_07-04_COMPdec09_01-11.pdf[Accessed on: 6 April 2014]. CCH Australia Limited. 2009. Australian Master Accountants Guide. CCH Australia Limited. Ferguson, A. 2016.7-Eleven's wage fraud sparks $170 billion blow back.[Online]. Available at:https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/7elevens-wage-fraud-sparks-170-billion-blow-back-20160826-gr264h.html[Accessed on: 6 April 2014]. Hoffman, C.W. 2016.Revising the Conceptual Framework of the International Standards: IASB Proposals Met with Support and Skepticism.World Journal of Business and Management 2 (1), pp. 1-32.

10 Important Baseball Idioms in English

10 Important Baseball Idioms in English    The game of baseball has inspired probably more idioms in American English than any other sport. Here are ten important baseball idioms. Each idiom is explained in terms of the game of baseball, and how it is used in daily life by native speakers. Examples are given to provide understanding in context. You can lean more idioms by exploring short stories that use idioms in context. ball park A ballpark is where baseball is played. Its used in a few expressions: to be in the ballpark to be in the general area of somethinga ballpark figure a financial guess thats close but not exact I think they new project will be in the ballpark of $2 million, but Ill need to check those figures.Give me a ballpark figure of how much the project will cost. big hitter The big hitter is a batter who hits many hits. These include home runs, grand slams and base hits such as doubles, and singles.   The big hitter is used when referring to a someone in a company who has a reputation for doing well in business. This person is used to impress competition or important clients, as well as give presentations and represent the company. We need to bring out our big hitter for this meeting.They left the presentation up to Alice whos their big hitter when it comes to conferences. big league / major league The big / major league is the highest level in professional baseball. Used as an idiom, the big league refers to the top of any professional bracket.   Shes going to NYC, the big league.He doesnt want to be a fish in a small pond. He wants to play in the major leagues.   cover ones bases Defense players have to cover the bases so that runners cant steal the base and progress to making a run. In everyday English, covering ones bases refers to making sure that a situation is completely in control and that there is a backup plan if anything goes wrong. I think we need to talk to our lawyer just to cover our bases.I need an assistant thats one step ahead of me and will make sure that Ive covered all my bases.   curveball A curveball curves as it moves towards the batter. It can curve up or down, or right to left. Curveballs are hard to hit. As an idiom, curveball is used to express something that is unexpected at causes someone to adapt to a situation. When she quit it really threw the company a curveball, and we had to replace her quickly.This might be a curveball, but I dont want to marry you after all.   first base First base is the first out of four bases including first base, second base, third base and home base. Each batter must move to at least first base in order not to be out. To get to first base means that youve successfully taken the first step.   We got to first base on the presentation. At least, theyre willing to listen to us now.Remember getting an interview is making it to first base. Getting hired is making it all the way home.   hardball Hardball is baseball played with a small, hard ball. Its the game they play in the major leagues. Its the toughest baseball game there is. In life, to play hardball means to try to win at all costs, even if it gets dirty.   When you go to work, youll be playing hardball. No more mistakes allowed.  I dont want to play hardball with you, but if you dont sign the contract I have no choice.   hit / knock it out of the park Hitting a ball out of the park is the dream of every baseball player. You hit the ball so hard, it flies out of the stadium. No one can get that ball. Youve hit a home run, or even a grand slam. In business, it refers to succeeding spectacularly.   I think he hit it out of the park during his presentation. Everyone was listening very carefully and seemed very enthused.Dont worry, Im sure youll hit it out of the park. You have reason to be confident.   hit or miss A batter can either hit or miss a ball. Hitting is good, missing is bad and you get a strike against you. In everyday English, something that is hit or miss means that there is no guarantee of success. Perhaps youll be successful, perhaps not. Some people feel that finding a job is hit or miss in this economy.  Every opportunity is hit or miss, but they need to be taken.   home run Home run refers to a hit that allows the batter to run all the way around the bases and score a run. Its used as an expression to refer to success in English.   This dinner is superb. Youve hit a home run.  His presentation last week was a home run.

Free Essays on Vagina Monologues

The Vagina Monologues The docudrama The Vagina Monologues paints a vivid picture of the female circumstance and how woman have been oppressed to the point that they themselves have accepted the status’ attributed to them. The play’s theme is women’s struggles and victories within their culture. The monologues shed light on what is a taboo subject in our society; women in their entirety. This does not refer to just sexuality, but to every aspect of them as individuals. The monologue entitled â€Å" Hair† introduces a character that struggles with the idea of changing herself to make someone else happy. This character was experimenting with the social roles set up for women, the ideology that women must please their man even if it means changing herself. This monologue depicts a woman following social norms until she realizes that they are wrong. She is more of an independent thinker than some of the others. She gives into norms, but realizes the truth that she should not change to please others. The monologue entitled â€Å"The Flood† introduces an elderly women and her experience with her sexuality. This character seemed childlike and full of defenses; you can feel the layers of years in which she has buried herself. During the monologue you slowly start to see the layers melt away. She is one of the most moving characters in the play. Although she speaks about her past seemingly unhurt, with a few comic interludes here and there, you can feel her pain. She has wasted years of her life because of someone else imposing their views onto her. The monologue entitled â€Å"My Angry Vagina† The character here speaks decisively about what she needs and hates. This character is fed up with the way she and her vagina are treated. She is more of a realist type of person. She seems to be educated and aware of her surroundings. She knows the ideologies from the feminist perspective and acknowledges the patriarchal culture, but is no... Free Essays on Vagina Monologues Free Essays on Vagina Monologues The Vagina Monologues The docudrama The Vagina Monologues paints a vivid picture of the female circumstance and how woman have been oppressed to the point that they themselves have accepted the status’ attributed to them. The play’s theme is women’s struggles and victories within their culture. The monologues shed light on what is a taboo subject in our society; women in their entirety. This does not refer to just sexuality, but to every aspect of them as individuals. The monologue entitled â€Å" Hair† introduces a character that struggles with the idea of changing herself to make someone else happy. This character was experimenting with the social roles set up for women, the ideology that women must please their man even if it means changing herself. This monologue depicts a woman following social norms until she realizes that they are wrong. She is more of an independent thinker than some of the others. She gives into norms, but realizes the truth that she should not change to please others. The monologue entitled â€Å"The Flood† introduces an elderly women and her experience with her sexuality. This character seemed childlike and full of defenses; you can feel the layers of years in which she has buried herself. During the monologue you slowly start to see the layers melt away. She is one of the most moving characters in the play. Although she speaks about her past seemingly unhurt, with a few comic interludes here and there, you can feel her pain. She has wasted years of her life because of someone else imposing their views onto her. The monologue entitled â€Å"My Angry Vagina† The character here speaks decisively about what she needs and hates. This character is fed up with the way she and her vagina are treated. She is more of a realist type of person. She seems to be educated and aware of her surroundings. She knows the ideologies from the feminist perspective and acknowledges the patriarchal culture, but is no...

Week #7 Learning Activty #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week #7 Learning Activty #1 - Essay Example nt, does it automatically mean that customers will like it if Kingfishers copies the competitor, or is the company better off leveraging its strengths? These are only some of the questions that can delve further into the inner emotions of customers that affect their decision-making process, so that Kingfishers can be more competitive. Psychographic segmentation will help examine underlying factors that motivate people to go to Kingfishers or to the competition. Aside from psychographic segmentation analysis, assessing benefit segmentation variables can also be helpful. The exact benefits of choosing Kingfishers over other competitors can improve SWOT analysis that will contribute to potential changes in the marketing mix. These changes can strengthen Kingfisher’s competitive advantages. When Padgett talked about communication and high-performance work system for employees, I thought about the intersection between marketing communications and how the employees are trained for it. The company has several marketing channels, where people buy and/or learn more about products, so it is important that employees are skilled in addressing communications needs that must be catered for every channel. For instance, since Fighter Warehouse caters to MMA fighters, public relations communications is essential in affecting the â€Å"publics† who affect fighters’ purchasing decisions, including their audiences, managers, and fight promoters (Dahlen et al. 390). It will be helpful to analyze these publics and how they are currently contributing to the company’s brand image and how they can further be integrated into the brand narrative, so that Fighter Warehouse can have a stronger brand narrative to its â€Å"publics,† especially its customers. At the s ame time, employees must be analyzed if they have the knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) to serve these publics in different channels. Knowing their KSAs’ deficiencies and strengths will improve Fighter Warehouse’s